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confounding variable
Confounding variable is a variable that, though not measured, causes variation in both the explanatory variable and the outcome variable; also know as a "lurking variable" or a "third variable".
explanatory variable
Explanatory variable is a variable we use to explain variation in an outcome variable.
categorical variable
Categorical variable is a variable for which the values don’t tell us anything about quantity; the values simply tell us which category the object belongs to.
path diagram
Path diagram is, by convention, the explanatory variable "points to" the outcome variable.
explain variation
When we can make a better prediction of the outcome variable if we knew something about the explanatory variable; accounting for variation in the outcome variable by using variation in another variable.