Confounding variable is a variable that, though not measured, causes variation in both the explanatory variable and the outcome variable; also know as a "lurking variable" or a "third variable".
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outcome variable
Outcome variable is a variable whose variation we are trying to explain.
explanatory variable
Explanatory variable is a variable we use to explain variation in an outcome variable.
categorical variable
Categorical variable is a variable for which the values don’t tell us anything about quantity; the values simply tell us which category the object belongs to.
random assignment
Random assignment is a method of assigning subjects to one experimental condition or another; it helps us rule out confounding variables by ensuring that any variables that affect our outcome variable, whether positively or negatively, will balance ...
var()
The var() function computes the variance of a variable. Example: # Calculate the variance of Thumb var(Fingers$Thumb) # Alt: use 'data =' argument instead of '$' (produces same output) var(~Thumb, data = Fingers) Example output: