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sampling with replacement
Sampling with replacement takes a sample from a population, record the values, put all cases back into the population, then sample again; the R function resample() does this.
sampling without replacement
Sampling without replacement takes a sample from a population, remove the object sampled, then sample again from the remaining objects in the population; the R function sample() does this.
factor (in R)
Factor (in R) is a type of R object that is a categorical variable.
numeric (in R)
Numeric (in R) is a type of R object that is a quantitative variable.
argument
Arguments are the elements of an R function (e.g., in the function ```factor()```, you enter in the variable name, the levels, and the labels -- these things that go in the parentheses are the arguments).