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sampling with replacement
Sampling with replacement takes a sample from a population, record the values, put all cases back into the population, then sample again; the R function resample() does this.
sampling without replacement
Sampling without replacement takes a sample from a population, remove the object sampled, then sample again from the remaining objects in the population; the R function sample() does this.
distribution triad
Distribution triad means sample distribution, DGP/population distribution and sampling distribution.
parameters
Parameters are numbers that summarizes something about a population; parameters are estimated from data; in GLM notation, the parameters (e.g., or ) summarize something about the population.
observational study
Observational study is a research design that involves taking a random sample from a population and then measuring some variables; also known as a correlational study.