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Using the R Sandbox
The R Sandbox The R Sandbox is a separate R window you can use to experiment with R code and play around with ideas from the course. It comes pre-loaded with the base R packages and all of the packages and datasets we reference in the textbook. ...
Data
Data Data are recorded observations, measurements, or information collected to answer questions, test hypotheses, or make decisions. In statistics and data science, data are the raw material we analyze to discover patterns, relationships, and ...
Data Frame
A data frame is a way to organize data into rows and columns, similar to a spreadsheet or table. Data frames are one of the most common ways to store and work with data in statistics, data science, and R. How Data Frames Work Each row represents one ...
R Objects
R Objects Overview In R, everything is an object. Data, functions, models, and even results of calculations are all stored as objects. Understanding R objects is fundamental to working with data, writing reproducible code, and performing statistical ...
Data Generating Process (DGP)
Data Generating Process (DGP) The Data Generating Process (DGP) refers to the underlying mechanism—real or hypothetical—that produces the data we observe. A DGP specifies how variables are related, how randomness enters the system, and how observed ...